development of cryogenics

Cryogenics is the study and use of extremely low temperatures, often below -150°C (-238°F). Its development began in the early 20th century with the discovery of liquefying gases like oxygen and nitrogen. Advances in thermodynamics and refrigeration technologies enabled scientists to reach colder temperatures efficiently. These breakthroughs led to applications in preserving biological samples, medical treatments, space exploration, and superconducting magnets. Over time, improved materials and cooling methods have expanded cryogenics' capabilities, making it a vital field for scientific research and industry, facilitating precise control of ultra-low temperatures for experimentation and practical use.