Deep Water Formation

Deep water formation is a process where surface ocean water cools, becomes denser, and sinks into the deep ocean. This typically occurs in colder regions, such as near Greenland and Antarctica, during winter when temperatures drop significantly. As surface water cools and increases in salinity (due to freeze-up of seawater that leaves salt behind), it becomes heavy enough to sink. This sinking helps drive global ocean circulation, influencing climate and distributing nutrients worldwide, playing a vital role in regulating Earth's climate and supporting marine life.