Deep-level tube construction

Deep-level tube construction involves building underground train stations and tunnels far beneath the surface, often under existing buildings and streets. This process requires drilling deep shafts, using tunneling machines called tunnel boring machines (TBMs) to carve out large circular tunnels through earth and rock. The station structures are then constructed underground, with reinforced concrete and advanced engineering techniques to ensure stability and safety. This method minimizes surface disruption and allows for extensive, high-capacity transit networks in densely populated areas, making city travel faster and more efficient while preserving surface land for other uses.