Cossack Hetmanate

The Cossack Hetmanate was a semi-autonomous political and military entity in Ukraine from 1649 to 1764, established by the Cossacks—independent martial communities. Led by Hetmans, it operated within the Russian Empire but maintained a degree of self-governance, focusing on protecting Ukrainian lands from outside threats. The Hetmanate combined military organization with local administration, advocating Ukrainian interests while navigating relations with Russia, Poland, and the Ottoman Empire. It played a key role in Ukraine's history, fostering regional identity and resistance, until gradually integrated into the Russian imperial framework in the late 18th century.