cosmological simulations

Cosmological simulations are computer models that recreate the universe’s evolution from its early moments to today. They use complex physics—like gravity, dark matter, and cosmic expansion—to predict how galaxies, stars, and other structures form and change over billions of years. By inputting initial conditions based on observations, these simulations help scientists understand the universe’s history and test theories about its composition and behavior. Essentially, they are virtual experiments that allow researchers to explore cosmic processes that are impossible to observe directly over vast timescales.