cosmic reference frames

Cosmic reference frames are ways to describe the positions and motions of objects in the universe relative to a standard point of view. Since the universe is vast and objects are moving in different ways, scientists use certain reference points, like the cosmic microwave background radiation—the faint glow leftover from the Big Bang—to define a "cosmic rest frame." This helps us understand how galaxies, stars, and other objects are moving on a large scale, providing a common perspective for studying the universe's structure and expansion.