constitutive models

Constitutive models are mathematical tools used to describe how materials behave under different conditions, such as stress, temperature, or strain. They help engineers and scientists predict how materials will deform or flow over time. For example, these models explain how metals bend, rubber stretches, or concrete hardens. By understanding these behaviors, professionals can design safer and more efficient structures, products, and systems. Essentially, constitutive models bridge the gap between the physical properties of materials and practical applications in engineering and science.