Constitution of Cadiz

The Constitution of Cádiz, enacted in 1812, was Spain's first modern constitution, emerging during the Peninsular War against Napoleon. It aimed to establish sovereignty rooted in national representation rather than monarchy alone, promoting principles like national sovereignty, constitutional monarchy, and individual rights. It limited royal power, introduced a parliamentary system, and recognized freedoms such as speech and press. Although it faced opposition and was temporary, the Cádiz Constitution influenced future Spanish law and contributed to broader liberal reforms in Europe. It is considered a significant early step toward modern constitutional governance in Spain.