Common-pool resource theory

Common-pool resource (CPR) theory analyzes resources like fisheries, forests, or groundwater that are accessible to many individuals, but are finite and susceptible to overuse. Since these resources are difficult to exclude people from using, and one person’s use can diminish availability for others, managing them requires cooperation. Without proper rules or collective oversight, individuals may overexploit the resource, leading to depletion—a problem known as the "tragedy of the commons." Effective management often involves community-based regulations, property rights, or collaborative agreements to ensure sustainable use and long-term availability for all stakeholders.