colligative property calculations

Colligative properties depend on the number of dissolved particles in a solution, not their identity. When a substance like salt dissolves in water, it changes properties like boiling point, freezing point, vapor pressure, and osmotic pressure. To calculate these effects, chemists use formulas that involve the molality (moles of solute per kilogram of solvent) and the van't Hoff factor (the number of particles the solute splits into). For example, adding salt lowers the freezing point of water proportionally to the amount of salt dissolved, allowing precise control in processes like freezing point depression.