closed-loop supply chains

A closed-loop supply chain is a system where products are designed, produced, used, and then collected back at the end of their life cycle to be refurbished, reused, or recycled. This approach minimizes waste and maximizes resource efficiency by ensuring materials are kept within the supply chain rather than discarded. It promotes sustainability by reducing the need for new raw resources and decreasing environmental impact, creating a circular flow of products and materials that benefits both companies and the environment.