civilizations and their successors

Civilizations are large, organized societies with shared culture, government, technology, and values. Over time, they evolve through innovation, conquest, and cultural exchange. When a civilization's ideas, institutions, or population change significantly, it often leads to the emergence of a successor civilization—an entity that carries forward, transforms, or replaces the previous one. These transitions can result from internal developments or external pressures, shaping history through continuity and change. Successor civilizations build upon earlier achievements, adapting to new circumstances, which drives the progress of human societies across centuries.