Cilia and Flagella: Structure and Function

Cilia and flagella are hair-like structures that extend from the surface of some cells, helping them move or move substances around. Structurally, they are made of microtubules arranged in a specific pattern, which provides strength and flexibility. Cilia are shorter and numerous, working like tiny oars to sweep mucus or debris away. Flagella are longer and fewer, propelling cells like sperm toward an egg. Both structures rely on a motor protein called dynein, which causes the microtubules to bend, enabling movement. Their coordinated action is essential for processes like clearing airways or enabling sperm to swim.