cave ecology

Cave ecology refers to the study of living organisms and their interactions within the unique underground environment of caves. This ecosystem includes specialized species like bats, insects, fungi, and bacteria that adapt to darkness, stable temperatures, and limited nutrients. Organisms depend on each other and external inputs, such as organic material washed in or brought by animals. Because caves are isolated and sensitive environments, their ecology helps us understand adaptations, species survival, and ecosystem balance in extreme conditions, highlighting the importance of preserving these fragile, underground habitats.