Carrier proteins

Carrier proteins are specialized molecules embedded in cell membranes that facilitate the transport of substances such as nutrients, ions, or molecules across the cell membrane. They work by binding to specific substances on one side of the membrane, then undergoing a shape change that moves the substance to the other side. This process can be passive, requiring no energy, or active, using energy to move substances against their concentration gradient. Carrier proteins are essential for maintaining the cell’s internal environment and enabling cellular functions like nutrient uptake and waste removal.