Carol Kuhlthau's Model

Carol Kuhlthau's Information Search Process (ISP) model describes how individuals experience and navigate the process of researching information. It highlights six stages: initiation, selection, exploration, formulation, collection, and presentation. During these stages, feelings of uncertainty, confusion, and frustration are common, but they gradually give way to confidence and clarity as the person narrows down their focus and gathers information. The model emphasizes that emotional experiences are natural and integral to learning. Understanding this process helps educators and librarians better support learners through their research journeys.