carbonate equilibrium theory

The carbonate equilibrium theory explains how carbon dioxide (CO₂) interacts with water to form different chemical species, maintaining balance in natural systems like oceans. When CO₂ dissolves in water, it forms carbonic acid, which can then break down into bicarbonate and carbonate ions. These reactions happen simultaneously, creating a dynamic balance depending on factors like pH and temperature. This equilibrium is crucial for regulating CO₂ levels, buffering ocean acidity, and supporting marine life, demonstrating how chemical processes help keep environmental conditions stable.