Carbonari

The Carbonari were a secret society in Italy during the early 19th century, primarily composed of middle-class liberals seeking political reform and national unity. Originating around 1800, they aimed to challenge autocratic rulers and promote constitutional government through covert activities, symbolized by fire-related motifs like charcoal. Their influence contributed to revolutionary movements, such as Italy's Risorgimento, which ultimately led to the unification of Italy. While they were not a formal political party, their network and ideas inspired broader efforts toward modern Italian independence and democratic development.