capillary action in soil

Capillary action in soil is the process where water moves upward through tiny pores and small spaces between soil particles, against gravity. This occurs because of adhesive forces between water molecules and soil surfaces, combined with cohesive forces within the water itself. These forces create a pull that draws water upward, allowing moisture to reach plant roots even when the water table is below the surface. Capillary action is essential for supplying plants with water from deeper soil layers and helps maintain soil moisture in dry conditions.