Calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H)

Calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H) is the primary substance formed when cement hardens in concrete. It acts as the glue that binds the particles together, giving concrete its strength and durability. Structurally, C-S-H is a complex, gel-like material composed of calcium, silicon, oxygen, and water molecules arranged in a way that creates a dense, strong network. Its formation is a key part of the chemical process called hydration, which transforms cement into a solid, long-lasting material. Essentially, C-S-H is crucial for the structural integrity and load-bearing capabilities of concrete structures.