C.S. Holling (ecologist)

C.S. Holling was an ecologist known for his work on how ecosystems respond to changes and disturbances. He introduced the concept of "resilience," describing how ecosystems can absorb shocks—like fires or storms—and recover, or sometimes shift into a new state. He also identified the "stability-restoration trade-off," explaining that systems can be stable but less adaptable, or more flexible but less predictable. His research helps explain why ecosystems are dynamic, capable of both resilience and change, highlighting the importance of protecting their ability to withstand and adapt to environmental challenges.