C. botulinum spores

Clostridium botulinum spores are dormant, hardy forms of bacteria capable of surviving in harsh environments like soil and canned foods. When these spores find a low-oxygen, nutrient-rich environment—such as improperly canned food—they can activate and produce a potent toxin called botulinum toxin. This toxin can cause serious illness or paralysis if ingested. However, spores are generally resistant to heat and disinfectants, making proper food handling, sterilization, and storage essential to prevent their activation. Cooking food thoroughly and following proper canning procedures effectively neutralize the risk posed by these spores.