Burns and Stalker

Burns and Stalker were management theorists who studied how organizations adapt to their environments. They proposed that organizations operate in two main modes: "mechanistic," which are structured, stable, and formal—like a factory with strict procedures—and "organic," which are flexible, adaptable, and collaborative—like a startup. The type of management approach that works best depends on how much an organization’s environment changes. In stable markets, a mechanistic approach is effective; in dynamic, uncertain markets, an organic approach fosters innovation and responsiveness. Their work helps organizations choose the right structure for their environment.