Bull of excommunication

A bull of excommunication is an official declaration from the Pope or a church authority that expels an individual from the Christian community. This severe punishment implies that the person is barred from participating in sacraments and church life. It is typically issued in response to grave offenses against church doctrine or authority, such as heresy or schism. The term "bull" refers to the type of formal document, often sealed with a lead seal. Excommunication is intended to prompt repentance and reconciliation with the church rather than to permanently sever a person's faith.