buffering agents

Buffering agents are substances used to maintain a stable pH level in a solution, preventing sudden changes when acids or bases are added. They work by neutralizing excess hydrogen ions (H⁺) or hydroxide ions (OH⁻), acting like a shock absorber for pH fluctuations. This is important in biological systems and chemical reactions where a consistent pH is essential for proper function, such as in blood or laboratory experiments. Common buffers include substances like bicarbonate or phosphate, which help keep the environment within a narrow, stable pH range.