Border economics

Border economics studies how trade, investment, and economic activity are influenced by geographic borders. It examines how borders affect costs, tariffs, customs procedures, and regulations, which in turn impact businesses, consumers, and government policies. Essentially, it explores the economic challenges and opportunities that arise when goods, services, and labor cross borders, shaping regional development, employment, and income distribution. Understanding border economics helps policymakers balance security, trade facilitation, and economic growth in border regions.