bonding interactions

Bonding interactions are the ways atoms connect to form substances. Atoms have electrons that can be shared or transferred. Covalent bonds involve sharing electrons between atoms, creating a strong link. Ionic bonds result from one atom giving electrons to another, forming charged particles that attract each other. These bonds determine the structure, properties, and stability of materials. Understanding bonding helps explain why materials behave differently, like why some are hard or flexible, or why substances dissolve in water. In essence, bonds are the electrical "glue" that holds atoms together in molecules and solids.