Black and Wiliam (Black and Wiliam 1998)

Black and Wiliam (1998) are known for their influential work on formative assessment, which is a way teachers check students' understanding during lessons. They emphasize that ongoing assessments—like asking questions or observing students—help teachers identify what students know and what they need to improve. This allows teachers to adjust their teaching to better support learning. Their research shows that formative assessment can significantly boost student achievement when used effectively, making learning more responsive and personalized. Essentially, their work highlights the importance of continuous feedback in the learning process to enhance educational outcomes.