Biological phase separation

Biological phase separation is a process where certain molecules inside cells—like proteins and RNA—clump together to form distinct, membrane-less compartments, called condensates. These condensates behave like liquid droplets within the cell, allowing specific chemical reactions or functions to happen efficiently in a localized area. This separation occurs because these molecules have properties that make them stick together under certain conditions, similar to how oil separates from water. This mechanism helps cells organize their internal environment dynamically, without needing membranes, and plays roles in processes like gene regulation and stress response.