Biochemical Phase Separation

Biochemical phase separation is a process where certain molecules within cells—like proteins and nucleic acids—clump together to form distinct, membrane-less compartments. These compartments act like dynamic droplets, concentrating specific molecules to facilitate biological reactions or storage, similar to how oil separates from water. This separation is driven by weak interactions among molecules, allowing the cell to organize its internal environment efficiently without physical barriers. Phase separation plays a key role in functions like gene regulation, stress response, and the formation of cellular structures, contributing to the cell’s ability to adapt and maintain proper function.