Berkeley's Principles of Human Knowledge

Berkeley's Principles of Human Knowledge argue that our perception is the only reality; objects do not exist independently outside of our minds. He believed that what we experience—colors, shapes, sounds—is ultimately a collection of perceptions caused by God. For Berkeley, matter as an independent substance is unnecessary; rather, all existence depends on being perceived or on a perceiver. This perspective emphasizes that experience and consciousness are fundamental to understanding existence, challenging the idea that physical objects have an existence entirely independent of our perception.