bacterial cell walls

Bacterial cell walls are protective structures surrounding the cell membrane, providing strength and shape. Made mainly of peptidoglycan—a mesh-like material of sugar and amino acids—they prevent the cell from bursting in watery environments. The thickness of the peptidoglycan layer varies among bacteria, helping to classify them as Gram-positive (thick layer) or Gram-negative (thin layer with an outer membrane). This wall not only maintains the cell’s shape but also offers defense against certain antibiotics and environmental stresses. Overall, it’s essential for bacterial survival and integrity.