Bacterial biofilms

Bacterial biofilms are groups of bacteria that stick together and attach to surfaces, forming a slimy, protective layer. This matrix, made of sugars and proteins, helps them survive harsh conditions, resist antibiotics, and avoid immune responses. Biofilms are common in nature—like on rocks in streams—or on medical devices, pipes, and teeth (plaque). They can cause infections or clog systems because bacteria in a biofilm are more resilient than free-floating bacteria, making them a significant concern in health, industry, and environmental contexts.