Bénard-Marangoni effect

The Bénard-Marangoni effect occurs when temperature differences create variations in surface tension on a liquid’s surface, causing the liquid to move. For instance, when part of a liquid is heated, the surface tension decreases there, leading to a flow from areas of low to high surface tension. This movement can form patterns or convection cells within the liquid, much like the ripples or patterns seen in boiling water or oil on a heated surface. Essentially, temperature-induced changes in surface tension drive fluid motion, resulting in complex flow patterns without the need for gravity, often observed in thin liquid layers or small systems.