B-factors

B-factors, also known as temperature factors or occupancy factors, are measurements in a protein structure that indicate how much individual atoms move or fluctuate. Higher B-factors suggest that an atom is more dynamic or less precisely located within the structure—reflecting flexibility or disorder—while lower B-factors imply more stability and accuracy in their position. These values help scientists understand which parts of a protein are more flexible or rigid, providing insights into its function, interactions, and how it may change shape during activity.