axis specification

Axis specification refers to identifying the direction or dimension along which data is analyzed or manipulated. In data labels such as "rows" and "columns," the axis determines whether operations are performed across horizontal lines (rows) or vertical lines (columns). For example, in a table, axis 0 often corresponds to rows, meaning an operation runs down the table, while axis 1 refers to columns, operating across the table horizontally. Clearly specifying the axis helps software understand how to process or transform the data, ensuring calculations or adjustments happen in the desired direction.