Avogadro constant (6.02214076 × 10²³ mol⁻¹)

The Avogadro constant, approximately 6.022 x 10²³, represents the number of individual particles—such as atoms, molecules, or ions—in one mole of a substance. It provides a bridge between the microscopic world of atoms and molecules and the macroscopic amounts we measure in the lab. For example, one mole of water contains about 6.022 x 10²³ water molecules. This constant allows scientists to count particles indirectly by measuring a substance's mass and knowing how many particles it contains at the molecular level.