Automatic vs Controlled Processing

Automatic processing refers to tasks or thoughts that happen quickly and effortlessly, often without conscious awareness—for example, driving familiar routes or reading familiar words. Controlled processing requires focused attention and effort, such as learning a new skill or solving a complex problem. While automatic processes operate below conscious awareness and are efficient, controlled processes are deliberate and used when tasks are novel or demanding. Essentially, automatic processing handles routine activities smoothly, freeing mental resources, whereas controlled processing is engaged for new, difficult, or complex tasks requiring concentration.