Austin's theory of law

Austin's theory of law sees laws as commands issued by a sovereign—a person or body with authority who expects obedience. These commands are backed by the threat of punishment if not followed. For Austin, law is about a hierarchy: the sovereign’s rules are valid because they are accepted and obeyed by the people. This perspective emphasizes law as a social order maintained through authoritative command, rather than moral or divine approval. It frames law as a system of enforceable rules rooted in authority, rather than moral ideals or natural rights.