Atomic timekeeping

Atomic timekeeping measures time based on the consistent vibrations of atoms, typically cesium or rubidium. These atoms have electrons that oscillate at extremely precise frequencies when energized, providing a stable and unchanging rhythm. Atomic clocks detect these vibrations and use them to keep time with extraordinary accuracy—losing or gaining only a second every millions of years. This precision is essential for GPS, telecommunications, and scientific research, ensuring synchronized and reliable timing across global systems.