Atomic spectral lines

Atomic spectral lines are unique patterns of light emitted or absorbed by atoms when electrons move between energy levels. When an atom absorbs energy, electrons can jump to higher energy levels (excitation); when they fall back, they release light at specific wavelengths, creating spectral lines. Conversely, ionization occurs when an electron gains enough energy to fully escape the atom, resulting in a charged ion. Each element has its own distinct spectral lines, acting like a fingerprint, allowing scientists to identify substances in stars, gases, and other materials based on their light spectra.