Atomic orbital theory
Atomic orbital theory describes how electrons are arranged around an atomic nucleus in specific regions called orbitals. Each orbital can hold a certain number of electrons and has a defined shape. When an atom absorbs energy, some electrons can jump to higher orbitals, a process known as excitation. Conversely, if enough energy is provided, an electron can escape the atom entirely, leading to ionization. In both cases, the behavior of electrons in orbitals helps explain how atoms interact in chemical reactions, absorb light, and form bonds with other atoms.
Additional Insights
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Atomic Orbital Theory describes the regions around an atom's nucleus where electrons are likely to be found. Instead of thinking of electrons as particles orbiting the nucleus in fixed paths (like planets around the sun), this theory suggests that electrons exist in "clouds" or orbitals, which have different shapes (like spheres or dumbbells). Each orbital can hold a certain number of electrons, and their arrangement helps explain how atoms bond and interact with each other. This theory is fundamental in chemistry, as it provides insight into the behavior of atoms and the formation of molecules.