Anselin's Local Indicators of Spatial Association (LISA)

Anselin's Local Indicators of Spatial Association (LISA) are statistical tools used to identify and measure localized patterns of spatial clustering or outliers in data. They help determine whether similar values (high or low) are situated near each other or if unusual values stand alone, revealing areas of spatial significance. For example, LISA can detect neighborhoods with high crime rates surrounded by similar areas or spots where a low value stands out amid high-value regions. This insight supports targeted decision-making by highlighting specific locations with distinctive spatial characteristics.