Ancient Sumerians

The Ancient Sumerians were a civilization that lived in southern Mesopotamia (modern-day Iraq) around 3500–2000 BCE. They are credited with creating one of the world's first writing systems, cuneiform, which used wedge-shaped marks on clay tablets. The Sumerians built city-states like Ur and Uruk, developed early law codes, advanced agriculture, and innovative technologies such as irrigation. Their culture influenced later civilizations in the region. They also worshipped many gods and contributed to early advancements in mathematics, astronomy, and architecture, laying foundational elements for future societies in the Near East.