Ancient Indian cosmology

Ancient Indian cosmology envisions the universe as a cyclic process of creation, preservation, and destruction, reflected in the concept of cosmic ages or Yugas. It describes a multi-layered cosmos with realms from the physical Earth to spiritual planes. The universe is seen as composed of interconnected elements—earth, water, fire, air, and space—and populated by divine beings, humans, and spirits. Time is vast and cyclical, emphasizing eternal renewal. This worldview integrates spiritual principles with natural phenomena, highlighting harmony and balance as fundamental to the universe’s ordered functioning.