Ancient Civilizations and their Geographical Distribution

Ancient civilizations emerged in specific regions where environmental conditions supported agriculture and trade. Major civilizations included Mesopotamia, situated between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers in present-day Iraq; Ancient Egypt along the Nile River; the Indus Valley in today’s Pakistan and northwest India; and the Yellow River Valley in China. The Mediterranean facilitated trade and cultural exchange among the Greeks and Romans. These civilizations developed unique social structures, technologies, and writing systems, laying foundational contributions to human culture and society, with their geographical locations significantly influencing their prosperity and development.