Anatomy of invertebrates

Invertebrates are animals without a backbone, and their anatomy varies widely. Generally, they have a body divided into sections—such as a head, thorax, and abdomen in insects—or a simple body plan with a outer covering called a cuticle or exoskeleton for support and protection. They often have specialized structures for movement, feeding, and sensing the environment, like legs, antennae, or tentacles. Unlike vertebrates, their internal organs are less centralized, and they rely on specialized systems like open circulatory systems and nerve ganglia. Overall, invertebrate anatomy reflects diverse adaptations for survival in many environments.