Althusser's Ideology and Ideological State Apparatuses

Althusser's theory suggests that society uses various institutions to maintain its structure and influence individual beliefs—these are called Ideological State Apparatuses (ISAs), such as schools, media, religion, and families. These institutions help shape people's ideas, values, and behaviors in a way that supports the existing social order. Unlike Repressive State Apparatuses (like the police or military), which enforce rules through force, ISAs work subtly, through ideas and culture, making people accept and reproduce social norms without coercion. This process helps maintain societal stability by shaping individuals' perceptions and identities.