Altered Dominant Chords

Altered dominant chords are versions of dominant chords (like G7) where certain notes—usually the fifth or ninth—are modified or "altered" by raising or lowering them with accidentals (sharpening or flattening). These alterations create tension and a sense of instability, which strongly desire resolution to the target chord, often the home key or a related chord. Common alterations include flatting the ninth, sharping the ninth, flatting the fifth, or sharping the fifth. This technique adds color and complexity, emphasizing the chord's function of leading smoothly to the next chord.