680-681 AD

Between 680 and 681 AD, significant events occurred in the early Islamic period, notably the Second Fitna (Islamic civil war). During this time, key battles and political shifts aimed to solidify or challenge Caliphate authority. This period saw the consolidation of Islamic rule across the Middle East and North Africa, impacting governance and cultural development. It was marked by internal conflicts within the Muslim community and efforts to define leadership and religious practices, shaping the future Islamic civilization.